Purity and Purifications of Solids Using Melting Points. free essay sample

Virtue and purgings of solids utilizing softening focuses. Tatyana Aleksandrova CHE 337, Section 001 Department of Chemistry Portland State University, Portland, OR ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Conceptual Melting purposes of Naphthalene/Biphenyl blends contrasting in their percent organizations were watched and plotted on a chart that demonstrated eutectic purpose of the blend to be at 50 mole percent Naphthalene. Utilizing liquefying guide strategy toward distinguish blend Unknown H was resolved to be 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Presentation Melting point is a strategy utilized by scientific experts to distinguish obscure substance. Mixes relying upon their substance structure have a particular softening point. Unadulterated substance has a sharp dissolving point with the greatest scope of 5? C. Blends then again have more extensive territory. In light of these ideas obscure blends/substances can be controlled by consolidating them with the substance of the known dissolving point. Exploratory Section Materials and Instruments: Melt Temp gadget used to electrically warm up substance to a known temperature. We will compose a custom exposition test on Virtue and Purifications of Solids Using Melting Points. or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Glass slim to hold substance in a Melt Temp while warming. Naphthalene Biphenyl Unknown H Naphthalene and Biphenyl liquefying point assurance. Utilizing system for softening point assurance with Mel-Temp on p. 43-45 in FFF liquefying purposes of unadulterated Naphthalene, unadulterated Biphenyl and blends of the two were watched and recorded. Blends of Naphthalene and Biphenyl as per their mass percent utilized in try: 10% Naphthalene, 90% Biphenyl 30% Naphthalene, 40% Biphenyl half Naphthalene, half Biphenyl 70% Naphthalene, 30% Biphenyl 90% Naphthalene, 10% Biphenyl Benefits of liquefying focuses got in the perception were recorded in Table 1 and plotted into Graph 1. ID of an Unknown utilizing Mixture Melting Points. MP of obscure H was resolved utilizing system showed on p. 43-45 in FFF. Two known examples with the nearest to obscure H mps were resolved. Two blends were readied, each consolidating obscure with the known example in 50/50 extent. MP of every blend was watched and recorded. Blend that had sharp dissolving point was blend that contained indistinguishable parts. Results and conversation Liquefying focuses for blends containing diverse percent of Naphthalene to Biphenyl were watched, recorded, found the middle value of and diagramed in Table 1 and Graph 1. Normal was taken from a few outcomes got by natural science lab. Table 1. Normal softening point explicit to % Naphthalene in Naphthalene-Biphenyl blend % Naphthalene inNaphthalene-Biphenyl blend (%)| Corresponding Melting point ( °C )| 0| 68. 09| 10| 62. 36| 30| 53. 88| 50| 47. 74| 70| 50. 99| 90| 73. 55| 100| 78. 87| Mole Percent of Naphthalene Temperature (C) Graph 1. Liquefying Point Diagram for Naphthalene and Biphenyl. Watched softening purposes of unadulterated Naphthalene and Biphenyl (in Table 1) are reliable with CRC Handbook1, that demonstrates liquefying temperatures for these substances at 80. 2 °C and 71. 0  °C, separately. In view of the diagram above eutectic point lies at half mole percent Naphthalene. Class results were found the middle value of, thusly one mistaken outcome would impact the normal point, this could be a likely wellspring of blunder in the test. Be that as it may, class normal for MP of unadulterated substances approached values in CRC Handbook. Another Source of blunder is restricted information focuses that were watched. Best fitted line showed in Table 1 can contain a wellspring of blunder because of the inadequate number of information focuses. Utilizing Melting point strategy obscure H, was resolved to have MP in the range from 73. 3 to 75. 4. In view of its softening point it was blended in with 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and unadulterated Biphenyl. Results are accounted for in Table 2. Substance tested| Melting Point (  °C )| Unknown H/3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde| 76. 1 78. 7| Unknown H/unadulterated Biphenyl| 55. 0 59. 6| Table 2. Dissolving purposes of blends containing obscure H in 50/50 extent. In view of the way that blend with 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde had moderately short proximity of (76. 1  °C 78. 1  °C) with 2. 5  °C distinction in consummation esteems, which can be considered as a sharp point, obscure H is 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Decision Melting point is a procedure used to recognize unadulterated substances by watching scopes of dissolving focuses as it was done in blends of Naphthalene and Biphenyl. Eutectic point, be that as it may, ought to be kept in my when testing for unadulterated substances, for eutectic pieces can misdirect consequences of the test if nothing else is thought of. Biphenyl’s on this procedure obscure H tried was resolved to be 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde dependent on its sharp MT. Questions: 1. an) Examples in which an unadulterated substance could give a wide liquefying range: 5 mole percent of Naphthalene to 95 mole percent of Biphenyl (which is acceptable level of immaculateness) has a wide softening territory. b) Example of a circumstance in which an unclean substance liquefies pointedly: Mixture of 60 mole percent of Naphthalene and 40 mole percent of Biphenyl. Blend has eutectic sythesis. 2. Eutectic blend †blend in which extents of its constituents permit a uniform dissolving point for that blend. MP run is sharp, in spite of the way that blend is unclean. 3. Impacts of the polluting influences on dissolving conduct of benzoic corrosive: MP Benzoic Acid †122  °C a. Parts of squashed glass †MP of smashed glass is around 1500  °C, which is much higher than MP of B. A. Because of the huge distinction in softening focuses between substances, glass will remain indebted. MP of B.. A. won't transform, it will soften with bits of glass in the substance. . Lingering recrystallization dissolvable â€mostly contains water, which would bring down the liquefying purpose of B. A. c. Channel paper strands †MP of B. A. won't change, because of huge contrasts in Mps. Strands will stay in the dissolved B. A. d. Particles of roof mortar that fell into the example †MP of B. A. won't change because of contrast in Mps. 4. FFF, 2. 8, p. 48: Suppose you are takin g a MP and compound vanishes.. What was the deal? Compound was an unpredictable aggravate that changes from strong to vaporous structure without experiencing fluid structure (sublimed). To forestall this one finish of the narrow ought to be fixed. 5. Since compound is in bunches, it takes more warmth to experience layers to warm up a compound. In any case, more warmth doesn’t mean higher liquefying point. It has more substance to warm. 6. Regardless of whether two mixes have a similar liquefying point, in the event that they are not indistinguishable MT of their blend will be discouraged. Hence, blend that shows a similar MT as an obscure would distinguishing proof. References 1CRC Handbook, CRC Press: New York, 1999.

Determinism, Compatiblism, and Libertarianism Research Paper

what are we to do

what are we to do email from the president, three days ago: i decided to go. i picked up a brown paper bag with a grilled chicken sandwich, and sat down at my randomly-assigned table with who? faculty from various departments, from the terrascope program, from mit libraries, students in engineering and in sloan business school, and a visiting student from germany who is only here for the summer, who talked about how shocked he was at the commonness of gun violence in america. we talked. ed bertschinger talked, then kester barrow (macgregors area director) talked, then we talked at the table. we talked about how to build community and care for our neighbors. we talked about how to be good allies to our siblings, classmates, students of color. we talked about being white, and we talked about being not white, and we talked about being not black. we talked about our frustration and our feelings of inarticulation and confusion and powerlessness. we talked about funding for policy experimentation, research of police violence, research of racism and unconscious bias and structural injustice. and after, dionetta crayton from the office of minority education talked some more, good words, words of rhythm and grief and hope for the future. she condemned and mourned the deaths of the five police officers in dallas. she acknowledged the need to mourn and grieve and be angry. and then she said: our deepest fear is not that we are helpless. our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. especially at mitespecially in a position of such great voice and influenceespecially as a community which prides itself on problem-solvingshe invoked her hope in our ability (our obligation) to tackle one of the greatest, most incomprehensible, most cruel problems of world history. i remember elie wiesel: neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented. sometimes we must interfere. when human lives are endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy, national borders and sensitivities become irrelevant. wherever men and women are persecuted because of their race, religion, or political views, that place mustat that momentbecome the center of the universe. now i am sitting in the grass outside the student center. now i am looking at the lists of names. i download the Data. the Data is a CSV, which stands for Comma Separated Values. there are so many commas. i clean the Data and think about the terrible dehumanization that this term entails: as if Data is clean, as if Data can ever be cleaned, as if the blood and gunshots and tasers can ever be condensed into the rows and columns, values separated by commas.  i remind myself, this week especially, that no data is clean; these are people, with families, with jobs, with loved ones and lovers, with broken taillights. i put them in simple boxes and remind myself that these boxes are Black lives. one of the students at my table said: im scared, but i have to be fearless. if she can face her fear and grief, then we as allies must overcome our discomfort with violence and racism and start learning how to lift up our siblings of color. please, please read vincent and bens stories. read selams story  and rasheeds story  about actions being taken at mit. learn about the  #BlackLivesMatter  movement, and about the research and policy initiatives of #CampaignZero. learn about the data. follow activists on twitter and hear their voices: @Blklivesmatter, @opalayo, @aliciagarza, @samswey, @Nettaaaaaaaa, @MsPackyetti, @deray. take notes. ask questions. make mistakes. learn quickly. decentralize yourself. speak out. #BlackLivesMatter #AltonSterling #PhilandoCastile #SayTheirNames

Essay about The Progression of Women through the 20th Century

The Progression of Women through the 20th Century March 24, 2014 HIS204 There has been so much history and so many changes to our country over the last 100 years. I will focus on the changes that women have fought for and helped in making positive changes in our country. â€Å"If one compares a woman in 1900 with her counterpart in 2000, the gains have been significant. There were the obvious changes, such as the right to vote and other governmental policies supporting women in the 1960s and 1970s. The results were women successfully engaging in certain jobs for the first time. Where women were once a minority, or excluded entirely, by 1980, they accounted for more than half of all undergraduate students†,†¦show more content†¦Between 1900 and 1920, women started taking jobs outside the home. It started with teaching, nursing, and social work but soon women began taking clerical jobs if they were native born white women with an education. Thus leading to â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, which we will discuss later. â€Å"American Feminists, in the early 20th century included a segment of working-class women, participating alongside better-known middle-class and elite adherents of feminist ideas†, (Greenwald, 1989). During World War II, many people moved in to new jobs for the war effort. This included women by the millions. â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† was a national symbol of women taking jobs in the industrial field while the men were away fighting the war. â€Å"She was fictional, but represented the ideal government worker, including being loyal, efficient, and patriotic†, (Bowles, 2011). Another area in which women made changes was with their appearance. Women used their attire and style to show an independence, a certain freedom in which they alone had control. Starting with the â€Å"Gibson Girl†, women dressed in long, slim dresses, freeing themselves of the poufy petticoats of yore. Women started wearing shorter dresses and shorter hairstyles, leading to â€Å"Flapper Jane†. â€Å"Women started wearing â€Å"less† clothing, shorter dresses, cutting off their hair, and just being more â€Å"sensual† than normal†, (Bliven, 1925). Along with taking control of their wardrobe and style, women alsoShow MoreRelatedHuman Progress in the Twentieth Century Despite Two World Wars953 Words   |  4 Pages The world in the 20th century went through the destruction of World War I and World War II and the hazard of a nuclear war in the course of the Cold War and coped to revolutionize themselves with essential developments within their societies. The world, as a whole, has advanced more than it has suffered during the turbulent 20th century because of the advancements of innovations and human right, despite the demolition of the two World Wars. 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Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England - 788 Words

During the Elizabethan Era, crime and punishment was a brutal source of punishments towards criminals. The term â€Å"crime and punishment† was a series of punishments and penalties the government gave towards the people who broke the laws. In William Harrison’s article â€Å"Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England†, says that â€Å"the concept of incarcerating a person as punishment for a crime was a relatively novel at the time† (1). This seemed reasonable at the time, because back then they didn’t sentence life in prison to criminals, so the only way for the government to issue out punishments for criminals was abuse, or murder. During the renaissance, the most common punishable crimes were â€Å"theft, cut purses, begging, poaching, adultery, debtors,†¦show more content†¦5). The lethal punishments criminals took during this time seem unbearable to the punishments that are issued today, because it seems as almost people tried think ing of the most horrific ways to kill criminals. 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Our Superstitious Minds Essay Free Essays

This paper aims to explore the theme superstition as a form of uncanny mysterious happening that have been witnessed and continue to be witnessed in everyday of our lives. The expression ‘superstition’ is sometimes taken to be a simply mean an insult, which is, therefore, not vulnerable to objective meaning and it undoubtedly can be used in this manner. However, when for instance we think through some occurrences that everyone would undoubtedly agree to call superstitious, making doves appear from nowhere, changing clothes to money, waving introvert magpies, saying ‘break a leg’, blowing on cards or dice before playing and rolling them, putting on a lucky t-shirt to a baseball match, we shall realize that in fact, they epitomize rather a close and easily clear group. We will write a custom essay sample on Our Superstitious Minds Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the above case, the superstition explicitly or implicitly affirms a particular causative connection without comprehending any explanation of it workings. A candidate at an examination, who fails to express confidence because ‘it would bring a misfortune’ does not know of the ways by which, the curse would take effect. Someone strolling at night and make a wish on a shooting star cannot tell who or what might hear his or her wish and make it come true. An entrepreneur who once made a bad fortune when there were thorn flowers in the room and who now rejects to have the same in his or her house has no philosophy as to why he or she thinks the thorn flowers are unfortunate, these are just but a few examples to go by. Many people fear the word when they hear someone affiliate with it because they think that it’s a source of evil work. Indeed, if by any explanation there were evidences, the word ‘superstition’ would no longer seem particularly applicable. Introduction Superstition has had a significant influence in the lives of people probably since the beginning of the world. For centuries, human being have clung to the practices as well as, believes encompassing the uncanny phenomena. The superstitious traditions have continued ever since time immemorial even after pieces of evidence being produced by the work of science to explain what was in the past considered supernatural. Superstitious rituals dating back in the middle ages are still witnessed in practice today. However, the kind of things in superstition like hitting on wood or having a horse shoe hanged at the door did not emanate just like that. They were taken with great significance and were presupposed to have various consequences. Superstition, ad is denoted by the dictionary, thesaurus and oxford, is â€Å"excessively, credulous belief and reverence for the supernatural.† The belief was in no other time greater and excessive as in the middle age period’s where a simple blow on your face could send you to unknown destination, a simple sneeze could take someone’s life, and witches used broomsticks to fly around at night as well as conjuring spells were done by Jewish sorcerers. The mysterious circumstances in those ancient periods, were put forth by the imaginations of our descendants. In these times, before science had its roots, simple happening were described as mysterious and supernatural. For instance, a simple shadow cast, probably at midnight during moonlight would be considered as a person’s reflection of their soul. Sounds at night were considered to be from ghosts and genies and this instilled lots of fear to the generation of the time. There was the personification of natural phenomena in those days. The purpose of this paper is to discover the roots of the uncanny superstition, the beneficial use of it if any to people, the consequences and instances, why was it used and who were using it, the power of the this preternatural phenomenal, the various beliefs among others. The roots of superstition Superstition as far as we are concerned is said to have been there from the beginning of mankind. Theories have been put forward to explain this unnatural phenomenon. Firstly, it is thought that superstition comes when a person’s desire is beyond their ability in what is called the implorative desire or mind. For instance, if a person is in dire need of a car or money and he or she has no means of obtaining it but then hears of an available psychic or witch somewhere who could make it possible for them to get what they wanted without any struggles. This will eventually drive him or her to the psychic or the witch due to the strong desire and need. Secondly, a fearful mind is also said to be a root of superstition. For instance, a family that has experience consecutive death of their relatives would have some form of fear that would drive them to seek some wizard’s intervention for why has it been that there has been the same cause of death for all the relative of theirs. More stories such as this of repetitious and mysterious causes often results into some form of superstition. As human beings, each and every one of us has their own fears as well as wishes. If the two happen to exist then it eventually and likely to lead to superstition unless there is some form of holy intervention in a person. No matter how a person may appear educated, if the mind is filled with a fear and wishes that are beyond their abilities then definitely they would become superstitious. It is natural that part of humans is filled with fear and greed, therefore, on their search for satisfaction and peace people tend to be reliant on their dark side, the superstitious power. The law of Cause and Effect This is consider to be the law of truth as well as natural concept that people do rarely think about. It is human nature that human beings always want to have the consequence that are disproportionate with the source like craving for something big outside their reach. Absence of self-confidence, uncontrollable wishes, as well as, worries are all what will make people become superstitious. People ought to understand that it’s their deeds that cause all effect whether successful or not, rich or poor, either bad or good. Also they should understand no effect is coincidental, from nowhere, it takes diligence and clear mind to achieve. If we make good deeds then the end result is good if we make our deeds bad then there would be no good at the end of it all and such leads to superstitious being. The superstition explicitly or implicitly affirms a particular causative connection without comprehending any explanation of it workings. A candidate at an examination, who fails to express confidence because ‘it would bring a misfortune’ does not know of the ways by which, the curse would take effect. It is worth noting that all things in life whether nice or wicked are not merely existent but comes from a cause that we made before (Kim 641-658). Therefore, there is need for good causes in all our endeavors. The law of â€Å"cause and effect† varies from the current to the future life hence is not just an ordinary discipline of study. The big emphasis is that we should proudly as well as, courageously, accept the consequences of our deeds whether they are good or bad without any form of grief, fear or worries because they are what we have sown from the beginning. If we make the cause then even the effect is our end result as well and we should learnt to be responsible of our own self. There is the aim to remain bright and thoughtful while making decision which is the cause so as we prepare for the best effects later that would be easy to accept. By understanding and making believe in the law of cause as well as, effect, we take control of our cause for the upcoming effect. We also make sure that we remain so thoughtful and smart while making our decisions. We are also encourage to keep our greed and fear thought in control as well, for us to be responsible for our deeds. Our superstitious Mind A lot of people can attest to have always had their lives threatened at some by the scare warning they were used to hear people say. Things like try as much to avoid encounters with black cats at night, don’t go under those sheds of trees or cabins at during late hours, every 13th day coinciding with Friday is a bad lack and so forth. Well, the fact is many believed this to be true and had really avoided such encounters and locked themselves in their houses just to make sure such myth are not part of their happenstances. It is said that, these beliefs could happen too those who really and truly believe them to be true and the same is not the case for those who takes them as a mere scare (Vyse 467). However, some of these myth posed a positive effect to the people because they help to shape their behaviors, this is to say, and not all of these superstitious were negative. It was a way to make the mind believe on the wrongs to be avoided and the rights to be done. Nevertheless, there are so many cultures around the world that have hold on to these beliefs to date. Are there certain things that make people to hold on to these beliefs? If yes, how do they perceive them? Are they really things they should hold on? And so forth. There are so many questions that would need answers that would be difficult to find, if we tried get into this and dig deeply. There are several and various extents of superstitions in the world we live in, that we keep hearing of. In this extent, superstitions themselves can be from the smallest actions like people in a casino using simple trick to win money, and other actions that people certainly do to make them avoid back lack and increase their chances of getting what they want, to some big forms like disappearing from sight of audiences. So whether, trying to win, or wearing a lucky scarf and getting out of sight, all these can be considered to be superstitious things because they can never be performed by a normal human being. Being mindful of what we do is a good way to avoiding unwanted consequences in future. A good human being, is one who learns from their past mistakes to make their future a better one than where they are from. The cause and effect is very helpful subject to understand and make good out of it. Three Doors to Freedom from Superstitious Minds How can we teach ourselves to be free from thought that might be superstitious? Here are better ways to make our intentions right. First we need to understand the doors to our freedom. The emptiness is the first, having no desires is the second and the last is formlessness. Anyone who grasps these situations will have the intelligence see the real truth about every aspect in human existences. These contain no arrangements because they are comprised of combination of various casual features. Based on cause all beings are called â€Å"hollowness† because of their illusory nature. If they have physical systems, then there is no blending. People ought to try and discover the actual form in the make-up. The professional have specified that it compromises of four components, air, the earth, and fire, as well as, water. Therefore, missing either of them, would degenerate the body. And when either of them is the controlling or in other words, the dominant portion, our bodies become functionless. Another issue would be how they can be in line when there is a considerable amount of conflict between them? We therefore got the obligation balance them by having the right foods. Which of the considerations is the overriding in our heads? (Patil 411). It is the beliefs that we hold that give rise to either desirable or the undesirable natures that affect how we involve ourselves in the ways that are not permissive. The three doors emphasized by the theory is the one good way that when observed would allow us to avoid all the thing that pre-occupy of heads with dirty stuffs which shifts our rightful thinking. The way we carry our burdens in our mind, by this is to mean the things that distract us in our everyday life determines how we release them back out to other people. A mind that keeps on wishing without coordinating the body to work hard will always have superstitious thoughts to fulfill the wishes. All said and done, the next thing that can influence our thought to be evil are the people we keep around us. If we have friends who keep suggesting negative motives like stealing, fighting, causing chaos then we would always be driven to the dark side of thoughts. We therefore have to be very mindful of the close people we have because we never know there intentions towards us. Just as earlier mentioned, the big emphasis is that we should proudly as well as, courageously, accept the consequences of our deeds whether they are good or bad without any form of grief, fear or worries because they are what we have sown from the beginning. If we make the cause then even the effect is our end result as well and we should learnt to be responsible of our own self The Power of Superstition The phenomenon has been seen to cause more harm than good. Magician who have taken the upfront to using superstition are very capable of doing dangerous stuffs that are very destructive. For instance, we see them in our television performing scary of event that leave us holding our mouths. Imagine if such a person decides to go bad, what harm they would be capable of. a Superstition in Julius Caesar In some ancient days, superstition was a significant perception in the Roman times, as it was the fueling force in uncountable actions of the people at the time. To them it was considered a historical believe. The phenomenon was seen as a strengthening factor with their gods. This is well brought up by a play by Shakespeare called Julius Caesar, named after the great ruler of the Romans at the time. Superstition is used in the play repeatedly to foreshadow the death of the ruler by his friend Brutus who eventually as well, kills himself due to conscious guilt. Shakespeare expresses the awareness that many people tried to get the better of what the future held, such as ill-fated events, by being superstitious. This is exceptionally prominent in Julius Caesar, as it effects the day to day regular daily life of the Roman citizens. From ghosts to half-naked and thonged men, nearly every individual had to deal with the uncanny, a mission that many seemed to take as life changing. In Julius Caesar, superstitious motives within the characters change their choices concerning life, revenge, and death (Beckett 17). This was a time in Roman when sex was a glorification and unfertile women would sought help to be able to procreate while, the fertile ones sought more children by use of superstition. We see from the story that Caesar is approached by an old man by the name of Soothsayer who warns him of his coming death by â€Å"the ides of March,† through foretelling but Caesar ignores that by saying he is a dreamer and just as foretold, he is stubbed to death with among them being Brutus, close friend to him. Being a good friend to Caesar, Brutus was blindly lured by Cassius to plot to kill him which they did. Later on, a ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus assuring him that they would meet. Due to this form of superstition, Brutus thought he was meant to die and he took his own life as a result. All This are all instances of superstitions at the time. It also shows how significantly superstition changed the actions of the characters together with how it affected their lives (Chibnall McFarlane 252). Superstition as a Survival Mechanism As long as superstition is regarded to be involving dark magic and mysterious power it has been of benefit to others mostly in the ancient days where it was used for protection and security to guard against possible enemies. As depicted in various movies and films today, the same was the case though not as exaggerated as such. A lot of people use some ritual emulate to help them do better in what they are working on. They feel that it gives them a boost to motivate them and increase their confidences. Personal superstitious way of thinking is another mechanisms people use to think in some manner that prepares someone to get defense from displeasure, heartbreaks and disappointment. In this regard, the old traditions and cultures use superstitious powers to guard their communities from attack. Possible attackers may never locate their allies in their attempt for an attack also, the same was use by witches to escape when they become hunted down. They would either disappear or make their enemies lose track of them by somehow using their black magic on them and as a result they would be safe. However, due to human nature, some of this was used in the wrong way like making people suffer for no good reason. Also some would use their so called â€Å"super powers† to steal from other without having being notice thereby causing loss of property. Those who have been said to use the phenomenon as a means to survive have also been using it to influence factors to their benefit. If for instance, a bank is demanding payment from such people and they don’t have any cash to settle out the loans, they would use paper and make these look like real money then give it to the former who might not even notice. This is just to emphasize that magic and superstition go hand in hand and whatever reason it is used for then there can never be the right form of it because it has had more bad than good Conclusion In conclusion, this phenomenon called superstition is an influence that is destructive in our society, which, has twisted many people who are worried and nervous, lack of self-confidence, and have a dull thoughts as well as, evil mind. To wish for a healthy society, we can’t accept superstition. We have a duty to spread and share the good teachings about self-confidence, of self-emancipation as well as, clarification. So how can we be superstitious? Though, there are many people who will suggest their groups to seek God’s interventions when they have problems of any nature. It doesn’t matter how many problems there are, there will always be a better way to solve them all. How to cite Our Superstitious Minds Essay, Essays

Human Group and Organization Management

Question: Discuss about the Human Group and Organization Management. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about a case where the new VC and President of Super Star University (SSU) decides to make some major changes in the faculty processes and also include some important expansion plans. For this the university held its Strategic Executive Retreat to discuss the plan and implementation plan further. It is important to understand here change is the only constant thing in every organization however; employees are the one who resist the change at the first place and the main reason is behind the resistance is bad management of change in the workplace (Anderson and Anderson, 2010). Therefore, when managers are the ones who have to implement change and they dont possess the training and development whenever it is important. Contrast and critically analyze the change process used in the two different Faculties. Application of change process in Faculty of Arts When Professor Max Blocks held strategic Executive Retreat and invited various university executives and directors, he asked to make appropriate changes in every department. Therefore Professor Sandy Lots, Executive Dean of Arts called for around three hundred staff to brief the new vision related to the implementation plan (Anderson and Anderson, 2010). The first step of the Professor is to inform everyone in the department to inform about the major changes that will take place in the coming time. These changes will be related to different faculty processes and new set of expectations will be set for performance for the new strategic direction in the university (Hayes, 2014). The main focus of the company is actively involving every member of the department and at the same time she focuses getting constant feedback. For the same reason she also established four working parties and four distinguished faculty professors (Anderson and Anderson, 2010). The team appointed for making changes suggested changes in the faculty research training processes which are further accompanied by the constant focus on quality and quantity of research. The report also focused on new recruitment strategies for postgraduate students as part of future leaders in academics. It was also decided that the focus on learning and research will help in fundraising activities at domestic as well as global level. It was important here the faculties are engaged at every step of changes process and implementation plan and at the same time, the faculty also decided to engage with future students so brightest and best students can become the part of the university. Various processes for streamlining the procedures followed by faculty were discussed and the focus was made on strengthen the level of accountability and transparency in the overall decision making processes. Not just this lot of changes in different parts of department was suggested and well taken by every member of the department and the main reason behind of level of engagement and involvement of every member in the change process (Hayes, 2014). After finalizing all the changes the Dean, Professor Lots called for a meeting in order to consider different feedback and recommendation on the plan. After proper discussion and an approval from every member the changes were decided. Application of change process in Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Sciences After returning from the summit, Professor Anthony Court, Executive Dean of the department called all the executive members of the faculty (Hayes, 2014). The dean informed everyone in the department about the new vision of VC. He emphasized that major changes are crucial and for which he also established three working categories head by eminent professor and also invited other professional faculty staff to join different working parties while determining new directions for new faculty members. Among all the recommendations, new faculty processes were suggested that lead to greatest level of transparency in decision making and high level of accountability and there were many other changes suggested by the party. When the reports were received, Professor Court called for a meeting to inform the staff about the new directions and plans. The reaction of every member of the department was shocking and they were insecure about their jobs and the future of their career (Cameron, and Green., 2015). There was major level of dissatisfaction among everyone. There were number of trade unions and other member protested the changes and claimed that the changes are in favour of Australian Workforce Agreement (AWA). In fact, the matter further worsened with the union members deciding to escalate the issues and conflicts to the Fair Work Australian Tribunal. What are the major sources of resistance to change in the Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Sciences? If you were an Executive Faculty Dean, how would you overcome staff resistance to change? Following are the main reasons of resistance to change in the department: Insecurity: it is important for people while working in the organisation to feel comfortable for a certain period of time, a change in the overall environment often bring a level of uncertainty and people at the same time will no longer aware of the fact that what to expect from the changes (Hayes, 2014). When there is a feeling of insecurity, employees faces different kind changes from one kind of culture to another. Social loss: changes have the power to bring some major loss in the society. The informal work group can be extremely strong by nature and when a change cause a faculty to be shifted and the overall power of the group will be decreased (Cameron, and Green., 2015). Discontent of control: when people in organisation are constantly told to alter the place and they are constantly made to realise that the employees have no other option but to adapt with the changes. This may also create some level of resentment among the employees and they may not have control over the destiny of people (Pohl, 2010). Unanticipated repercussions: it is important for the organisation to have a system and make changes in one division will have some unwanted repercussions (Bordia et al., 2011). Threats to influence: when there is any change it decreases the base for power of a group, or any kind of division, even if it is better for the company and it is more likely to meet certain level of resistance among people which can be related with the changes (McMurray et al., 2010). How to overcome staff resistance to change? Following are the methods through which university can overcome staff resistance to change: Effectively engage employees: it is important to engage employees at every stage and the company must receive and respond to every kind of feedback especially those who are opposing the change (Kotter, 2011). It is important to make sure that every employee is happy and every work gets done, therefore they should be constantly kept in the loop. Overcome opposition: despite the fact how well university manage the change, there is also going some level of resistance (Cooperrider and Whitney, 2011). Companies must engage those who can oppose to the change and this way, they can actively foresee the change and the concerns of the employees. This will also alleviate the issues in timelier manner (Raineri, 2011). By doing this, employees will also get time to contribute their ideas and also assure them that are part of an important team that actually understand and care about the staff (Hargreaves et al., 2014). Communicate change in an effective manner: - the best solution for this problem is to communicate the changes to the employees in an effective manner. This will require a blend of formal and at the same time informal communication channel that will permit the university and the department to ensure all employees have received the news about the change anyhow (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2010). Conclusion Companies of every kind constantly go through changes since when the industry grow, businesses and in this case universities will have to evolve. Change can be anything from switching to new processes or new recruitment plan that can impact the business in all possible manners (Gattermeyer and Al-Ani, 2013). However, it does not mean that it has to change for wrong reasons. It is important that change is dealt in an effective and at the same time in a responsible manner and when it is done correctly; it can benefit the company and also make the transition in a smooth manner (Gattermeyer and Al-Ani, 2013). Reference Anderson, D. and Anderson, L.A., 2010.Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley Sons. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Pohl, K., 2010.Requirements engineering: fundamentals, principles, and techniques. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Bordia, P., Restubog, S.L.D., Jimmieson, N.L. and Irmer, B.E., 2011. Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover.Group Organization Management, p.1059601110392990. McMurray, A., Chaboyer, W., Wallis, M. and Fetherston, C., 2010. Implementing bedside handover: strategies for change management.Journal of clinical nursing,19(17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18), pp.2580-2589. Kotter, J., 2011. Change Management vs. Change Leadership--What's the Difference?.Forbes online. Retrieved,12(21), p.11. Cooperrider, D.L. and Whitney, D., 2011. What is appreciative inquiry. Raineri, A.B., 2011. Change management practices: Impact on perceived change results.Journal of Business Research,64(3), pp.266-272. Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M. and Hopkins, D.W. eds., 2014.International Handbook of Educational Change: Part Two(Vol. 5). Springer. Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.A., 2010.Organizational behaviour. Financial Times Prentice Hall. Gattermeyer, W. and Al-Ani, A. eds., 2013.Change Management und Unternehmenserfolg: GrundlagenMethodenPraxisbeispiele. Springer-Verlag.

Military Tribunals free essay sample

Bush issued a military order (M. O. ) which allowed the President’s to â€Å"identify terrorists and those who support them† and bring them to justice by way of â€Å"military tribunals. † President Bush argues that it is his duty to â€Å"protect the United States and its citizens. The M. O. makes this possible by delineating the rules and procedures for military tribunals held during the war on terror. The legality of Bush’s M. O. immediately became the subject of debate upon its publication. For example, the president argues that he is fully authorized to enforce the use of military tribunals based on the historical precedents set in place by former presidents. He also argues that he is permitted to establish tribunals based on his declaration of â€Å"a national emergency on September 14, 2001. † The M. O. order states that â€Å"this emergency constitutes an urgent and compelling government interest, and that issuance of this order is necessary to meet the emergency. We will write a custom essay sample on Military Tribunals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † By declaring a state of national emergency, Bush suggests that tribunals are now a matter of â€Å"military necessity. Those subject to the order are defined in subsection 2(a)(1) as someone who â€Å"is or was a member of the organization known as al Qaeda,† as well as someone who meets the following criteria: â€Å"has engaged in, aided or abetted, or conspired to commit, acts of international terrorism, or acts in preparation therefore, that have caused, threaten to cause, or have as their aim to cause, injury to or adverse effects on the United States, its citizens, national security, foreign policy, or economy, or [anyone who] has knowingly harbored one or more [of these] individuals† Nevertheless, the M.O. was highly controversial despite all of the historical precedents, the declaration of a national emergency, and the specifications in section 2(a)(1). In Jennifer K. Elsea’s CRS Report for Congress titled, â€Å"The Department of Defense Rules for Military Commissions: Analysis of Procedural Rules and Comparison with Proposed Legislation and the UCMJ,† Elsea summarized one of the opposition’s arguments, which is that â€Å"the President’s M. O. has been criticized as overly broad in its assertion of jurisdiction, because it could be interpreted to cover non-citizens who have o connection with Al-Qaeda or the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. † As this report will show, debates over the definition of an â€Å"enemy combatant† as it applies to the war on terror are very complicated. The world is now facing an unidentifiable enemy on an undefined battleground. But the vagueness of the M. O. as far as who exactly it applies to is only one out of the many problems found in Bush’s M. O. Also opposing the M. O. are both members of Congress and the Judiciary as they feel very uncomfortable allowing the President to establish military tribunals f or the war on terror. Mainly, the arguments against the President include his disregard for the Constitution and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). This disregard is seen as Bush’s bypassing the military’s courts martial system as well as the United States civilian district courts already in place. In his congressional report titled, â€Å"Military Tribunals: Historical Patterns and Lessons,† Louis Fisher clarifies that â€Å"one of the principal methods of legislative control over military trials, including tribunals, are the Articles of War that Congress enacts into law. While the Articles of War have since been combined into a single Uniform Code of Military Justice, it nonetheless remains Congress’ explicit constitutional power to â€Å"make rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces. † As such, Congress feels that Bush is denying its right to regulate the enforcement of military tribunals. In addition to the Constitution, Article 18 of the UCMJ explicitly states that, â€Å"General courts-martial . . . have jurisdiction to try any person who by the law of war is subject to trial by a military tribunal and may adjudge any punishment permitted by the law of war. However, President Bush states in his M. O. that rather than try suspected terrorists by court-martial, the President should enforce military tribunals for crimes against the â€Å"law of war. † Specifically, the M. O. states that those â€Å"subject to this order† are â€Å"to be tried for violations of the laws of war and other applicable laws by military tribunals. † The argument by the opposition, therefore, is that choosing to bypass the UCMJ, the President has circumvented the established rule which states that violations of the â€Å"laws of war† may be tried by court-martial. Opponents of the M. O. ear that a defendant would risk losing certain rights guaranteed by courts-martial and the civilian courts. Since the publication of the order, several legal professionals and civil rights activists have been very outspoken against the use of military tribunals and the executive’s claim to such a large amount of unchecked power. Legal professionals like Leonard M. Wallstein Jr. , a former officer in the Judge Advocate’s Office during WWII, agree that â€Å"efforts to divorce the military justice system from command control, to insure adequate representation by counsel, and to increase civilian supervision should not cease. Such a gross neglect for the protection of civil liberties would underscore America’s intent to p reserve freedom and democracy Both the Bush administration and its opponents posses enough strong evidence to support their respective opinions regarding the constitutionality of the M. O. However, after almost five years of scrutiny, the M. O. recently fell subject to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, creating a stay on the proceedings of the commission against Osama Bin Laden’s driver, Salim Ahmed Hamdan. Originally, the decision to consider Hamdan’s request for Habeas Corpus was denied by the Military Court of Appeals. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court took charge in this matter and decided that Hamdan’s military commission was unconstitutional as it â€Å"is not expressly authorized by any congressional act,† and violates, among other things, the Uniform Code of Military Justice Article 36 as well as Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The details of the Hamdan case have significant implications for the enforcement of Bush’s M. O. Such implications will be discussed later in this report. The debates surrounding a President’s use of military tribunals did not begin in 2001 but rather much earlier in the nation’s history. Therefore, in light of the recent decisions made in the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of the M. O. and Bush’s use of military tribunals, it is important to investigate the historical evidence used by the administration. Examples of military commissions being used by Presidents date back to President Washington. Bush’s most useful precedent comes from Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration and the Supreme Court decision in Ex Parte Quirin. Since the M. O. , however, the debate has been at the forefront of national politics and civil rights agendas. Evidence of such a prolonged debate begs an important historical question. Based on both historical evidence as well as contemporary issues, it is this report’s intention to answer the following questions: How was President Bush able to legally implement his M. O. given the apparent breach of checks and balances? Also, how did the other two branches of the federal government eventually renounce the M. O.? Finally, what measures are currently in place to try suspected terrorists? This report will be broken into three sections. The first describes, in detail, President Bush’s argument in terms of the legality of his M. O. This section answers the first historical question. There is strong historical evidence in support of his M. O. including several precedents set in place by previous presidents. While examples date back all the way to General Washington’s use of tribunals during the Revolutionary War, this report will not go back any further than President Lincoln and the tribunal held following his assassination. Other significant historical examples, which carry a great deal of weight in the matter of the M. O. ’s constitutionality, include the Supreme Court decisions of Ex Parte Milligan following the Civil War, Ex Parte Quirin following World War II, as well as Johnston v. Eisentrager and Ex Parte Yamashita. The second section reviews the arguments made against Bush’s M. O. , which challenge his authority to establish military tribunals without proper supervision by the other two branches of government. This section answers the second historical question. It cites the three most recent Supreme Court decisions in the matter of military commissions. The cases Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, Padilla v. Rumsfeld, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld all address contemporary issues surround the M. O. The outcome of each case helped the opposition by discrediting the M. O. in many respects. The facts of each case will be thoroughly discussed in this section along with several examples of public opinion. Additionally, Section II analyzes the applicability of the UCMJ and the Geneva Conventions within the scope of recent court cases such as Hamdi v Rumsfeld, Rumsfeld v. Padilla, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld.. As this report will discover, it becomes very clear that the M. O. violates both the UCMJ and the Third Geneva Convention. Section II concludes with recent updates in the debate over Bush’s M. O. including the Military Commissions Act of 2006 as well as the outcomes of the three aforementioned cases. The third and final section will mostly be my personal opinion on the matter of Bush’s M. O. Using the evidence compiled in this report, I will inject my own ideas regarding military commissions for the war on terror. While this brief section is only my opinion, it will mostly serve as a helpful conclusion to the questions raised in this introduction. The debate over Bush’s M. O. brings into question the President’s protection of American interests. Charles Lane of The Washington Post, declares that the decision over the M. O. â€Å"could be one of the most significant rulings on presidential war powers since the end of World War II. † Here, Lane refers to Ex Parte Quirin, a Supreme Court decision involving Nazi saboteurs and the use of military tribunals to try them for violating the laws of war. Whatever the outcome, it is important that both the administration and its opponents act according to the American values which the M. O. originally set out to protect. Section I Recent arguments over Bush’s M. O. created a sudden resurfacing of old Supreme Court cases which disclose the use of military tribunals throughout the history of the United States. The Bush administration believed that certain historical evidence would prove to be very useful in confirming the President’s authority to establish military tribunals. The historical evidence for the President is abundant. Significant cases which support the M. O. include Lincoln’s use of military tribunals and suspension of Habeas Corpus, Ex Parte Mudd, Ex Parte Quirin and Ex Parte Yamashita. However, opponents feel that each account of a president’s use of tribunals is circumstantial and deserves close scrutiny. Examples of military tribunals being enforced by the Executive Branch are seen throughout the history of the United States. However, opponents of the M. O. cite their own historical precedents which should place restrictions upon the President’s authority to use military tribunals in the war on terror. An example of such a case is Ex Parte Milligan. During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln utilized his authority as Commander and Chief by declaring the suspension of habeas corpus and establishing the use of military tribunals in regions where resistance against Union forces was dangerous. Lincoln’s actions were questioned with regard to whether or not the President could make such a decision without the consent of Congress. It was argued that the authority to establish military tribunals was explicitly reserved for Congress. According to Fisher, â€Å"throughout the first seven decades of the American Republic, xecutive officials recognized that the ultimate constitutional authority to create and regulate military tribunals lay with Congress, not the President. † As such, President Lincoln’s actions were significant as he independently claimed the power to establish military tribunals during a time of war. Lincoln’s Attorney General, Edward Bates, published his opinion on Lincoln’s actions and stated that the President was acting in accordance with his constitutional limits. Bates’ argument relied on the contention that the President’s duty is to â€Å"preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. However, Bates continued, Lincoln could not perform his duties â€Å"without putting down rebellion, insurrection, and all unlawful combinations to resist the General Government. † Lincoln also cited Article II of the Constitution which stated that â€Å"the privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public safety may require it. † Seeing as how the conditions of the Civil War satisfied this criterion, Lincoln was confident in the appropriateness and the legality of his decision to suspend the writ. He pointed out that â€Å"it can not be believed the framers of the instrument intended that in every case the danger should run its course until Congress could be called together, the very assembling of which might be prevented, as was intended in this case, by rebellion. † President Bush applied this same principle, in a sense, by declaring a state of national emergency after 9/11 to ensure public safety according to the M. O. Bates concluded that the President’s power to seize such unilateral authority was â€Å"temporary and exceptional. Therefore, Congress did not object to Lincoln’s decision in this matter, and the Executive was allowed to use military tribunals and suspend Habeas Corpus against those rebelling against the Union. Recognizing the military significance of the situation, Congress enacted a piece of legislation on July 17, 1862, which authorized the President to appoint a judge advocate general to enforce, in a time of war, military tribunals for those who qualified as being a member of the military or those who were caught spying against the Union. While there are several instances of military tribunals being used throughout the Civil War, the case Ex Parte Milligan stands out as the most significant. Ex Parte Milligan had important implications which restricted Executive authority in establishing tribunals. Opponents cite the case as a reason to renounce the M. O. Lambdin P. Milligan, a U. S. citizen from Indiana who was not a member of the military, was arrested in 1864. Milligan protested the Civil War and was a well known Confederate sympathizer as he belonged to the Southern secret society, the Knights of the Golden Circle. He was charged for several offenses including â€Å"conspiracy against the government of the United States,† as well as â€Å"violations against the law of war. † As a civilian unaffiliated with the military, Milligan filed for a writ for habeas corpus and challenged his military tribunal and his subsequent death sentence. Milligan’s case was heard by the Supreme Court in March, 1866. The Honorable James A. Garfield, then a Representative for the state of Ohio, offered his own argument on the outcome of the case. Garfield alludes to the decision made in Milligan: â€Å"[N]o such necessity can be pleaded to justify the trial of a civilian by a military tribunal when the legally authorized civil courts are open and unobstructed. † This idea is expressed further in Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt’s â€Å"Digest for Opinions† for 1866, where he states that â€Å"in a military department the military commission is a substitute for the ordinary state or United States court, when the latter is closed by the exigencies of war, or is without the jurisdiction of the offense committed. † Therefore, Garfield concluded that â€Å"[Milligan] shall not be unlawfully punished . . by the sentence of a tribunal which had no jurisdiction over either their persons or the subject-matter of the charges. † The implications of the Milligan case were substantial. Justice Davis delivered the opinion of the Supreme Court. The decision restricted power of the Executive to establish military tribunals â€Å"in any State or Territory where the courts of the United States are open. † Although Lincoln’s use of tribunals provided legal precedent for the Executive Branch during times of war, the decision in Ex Parte Milligan gave jurisdiction back to the courts. During the war, Lincoln was afforded the opportunity, as Commander in Chief, to do what he thought was necessary to save the nation under â€Å"temporary and exceptional† conditions. However, after the war, the Supreme Court’s decision in Ex Parte Milligan influenced Congress as they â€Å"passed legislation to limit the Court’s jurisdiction to hear cases involving military law. † As a result, â€Å"federal courts became less tolerant of military tribunals that operated without specific statutory authority. This precedent runs counter to the Bush administration as it limits the Executive’s power to adjudicate persons who are not members of the United States military. Despite the implications of the Milligan case, the Bush administration does call upon its own examples of historical precedents which grant the President legitimate authority to establish military tribunals when the conditions are â€Å"temporary and exceptional. † For example, military tribunals were used in the trial of those charged with plotting Lincoln’s assassination. Dr. Samuel A. Mudd was caught setting the broken leg of John Wilkes Booth after Booth shot President Lincoln. Mudd was sentenced to life imprisonment, where he was bound to a ball and chain and forced to perform hard labor. Mudd’s conviction by military tribunal was upheld by a district court in Florida in 1868. Recently, Mudd’s family petitioned for a reconsideration of the case in order to clear Dr. Mudd’s name. However, the Army Board for Correction of Military Records maintains that the conviction was appropriate under military tribunal. In a letter defending his decision in Dr. Mudd’s appeal, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Patrick Henry, explains how Dr. Mudd acted â€Å"as an enemy belligerent by aiding and abetting those who had violated the laws and customs of war. † Assistant Secretary Henry cites Ex Parte Quirin as the most recent precedent which confirms the use of use of tribunals in Mudd’s case. President Bush and his administration frequently refer to Ex Parte Quirin as the best legal precedent which supports the M. O. The court’s decision in Quirin is extremely significant for Bush. Chief Justice Stone delivered the opinion of the Court, which held that â€Å"the military commission was lawfully constituted† and â€Å"that the petitioners are held in lawful custody, for trial before the military commission, and have not shown cause for being discharged by writ of habeas corpus. † The case took place in June, 1942 when eight Nazi German saboteurs came to the United States by submarine â€Å"intent on using explosives against railroads, factories, bridges, and other strategic targets. † President Roosevelt called upon his power as Commander in Chief to issue a proclamation for military tribunals to try the saboteurs. Roosevelt’s use of military tribunals to try the Nazi saboteurs was supported by the Supreme Court and is still used as a precedent today in the war on terror. Roosevelt issued Proclamation 2561 on July 2, 1942, which stated that he was going to establish military tribunals to try the eight German saboteurs â€Å"in accordance with the laws of war. † This is significant because trying the saboteurs under the Articles of War, which were the laws for the military at the time before the UCMJ, would have raised questions with regard to the use of courts-martial as the legal method for adjudication. However, the term â€Å"law of war† refers to international law. Title ten of the United States Code states that â€Å"the provisions of this chapter conferring jurisdiction upon courts-martial do not deprive military commissions, provost courts, or other military tribunals of concurrent jurisdiction with respect to offenders or offenses that by statute or by law of war may be tried by military commissions, provost courts, or other military tribunals. † President Bush utilized the same rhetoric as Roosevelt when he wrote his M. O. , claiming that terrorists are in violation of the â€Å"laws of war† and therefore subject to military tribunals. The Germans involved in Ex Parte Quirin were charged with four crimes: â€Å"one against the â€Å"law of war†, two against the Articles of War, and one involving conspiracy. † After training in Germany, they traveled across the Atlantic Ocean in a submarine with orders to destroy â€Å"strategic targets in the United States. † Their mission was soon compromised, however, when they came ashore on Long Island. Disagreements among the eight man team became a serious problem, as one of the team members, Ernest Peter Burger, explained during the tribunal that â€Å"there was no harmony. There was watching each other. It was no good; the spirit was not there. † Despite being approached by a member of the Coast Guard on the beach, the Germans managed to avoid being apprehended until they were eventually caught by the very determined FBI. At the time, it was assumed by the FBI that the men would be tried in a civil court. But several members of Congress and President Roosevelt demanded a military tribunal. The decision to try the German saboteurs by military tribunal was made for two reasons. The first was that FDR did not want make public how easy it was for the Germans to arrive in America undetected. Using military tribunals would allow the administration to withhold certain details of the case in the name of national security. President Bush uses the same logic in his M. O. by requiring â€Å"a level of secrecy that could include closed trials, unpublicized verdicts and unannounced punishments. † Similarly for Roosevelt, it was extremely important during a time of war to minimize potential publication on the weakness of domestic security. The second reason FDR and several embers of Congress preferred a military tribunal was because it was believed that a civil court or a court martial would limit the desired punishment. Because the men had not actually committed sabotage their chances of being convicted in a civil court were small. In his memoirs titled, â€Å"In Brief Authority,† Attorney General Francis Biddle explains how the eight Nazis would not be subjected to a harsh enough punishment in a civil court â€Å"on the ground that the preparations and landings were not close enough to the planned act of sabotage to constitute attempt. The maximum punishment for conspiracy to commit crimes was only three years. Therefore, Roosevelt wanted to circumvent the civil courts in order to pursue a harsher punishment. He sought the ability to â€Å"devise [his] own procedures, departing from court-martial practice whenever [he] chose to. † Such unilateral, unchecked power is identical to what Bush suggests with his M. O. FDR’s use of military tribunals was accepted at the time because he made it clear that the saboteurs were charged for violating the â€Å"laws of war† rather than the Articles of War. Fisher explains how the distinction between charging the Germans with violating the â€Å"law of war† verses the Articles of War is â€Å"fundamental. † He explains how the Articles of War were created as part of Congress’ constitutional right to â€Å"define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations. † Offenses of the Articles of War were subject to the strict procedure of courts-martial and would not allow for the maximum punishment available. Therefore, in his proclamation on July 2, 1942, FDR gave himself the authority to establish a tribunal as â€Å"President of the United States of America and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in [him] by the Constitution and the statutes of the United States. † As such, Roosevelt did not say he had â€Å"inherent or exclusive constitutional authority,† but rather that he â€Å"acted under a mix of constitutional authority afforded to the President and statutory authority granted by Congress. As such, FDR’s authority was upheld in the Supreme Court decision Ex Parte Quirin. In order for FDR to establish military tribunals, the administration first had to prove that Ex Parte Milligan did not apply. Ex Parte Milligan stated that tribunals could not take place in states where the civil courts were still operational. However, Attorney General Biddle argued that Milligan â€Å"should be limited to its part icular circumstances. † In the case of the Nazi saboteurs, Biddle made it clear that the circumstances outlined by FDR demanded a different perspective. He explained to the Supreme Court that â€Å"war today is so swift and so sudden and so universal that it would be absurd to apply doctrine like the doctrine in the Milligan case. † Furthermore, Assistant Solicitor General, Oscar Cox, assured Biddle that â€Å"Ex Parte Milligan . . . did not require a civil trial for enemy aliens who came through the lines out of uniform for the purpose of committing sabotage. † Such was the case in Quirin as the saboteurs changed out of uniform when they arrived in the U. S. Therefore, it did not appear that Ex Parte Milligan was going to prevent the military tribunal from taking place. Ex Parte Quirin occurred as a result of the eight Nazis filing for a writ of habeas corpus upon being detained and subjected to military tribunal. In the Per Curiam dated July 31, 1942, the Supreme Court decided that the President was authorized to issue his proclamation for military tribunals and that â€Å"the military commission was lawfully constituted. † Also, the charges against the Nazis â€Å"allege[d] an offense which the President [was] authorized to order tried before a military commission. It was finally decided that the â€Å"petitioners must be denied access to the courts, both because they are enemy aliens or have entered our territory as enemy belligerents, and because the President’s Proclamation undertakes in terms to deny such access to the class of persons defined by the Proclamation. † The ability to avoid the use of courts-marti al or regular district courts, therefore, was granted because of Roosevelt’s specific citation of the â€Å"laws of war. † President Bush also cited the â€Å"laws of war† in his M. O. , making the precedent of Ex Parte Quirin an important defense for the current administration. The tribunal concluded on August 1, 1942, with each of the eight men sentenced to death. Roosevelt’s proclamation allowed for a two-thirds majority in the ruling of the death penalty, while the Articles of War â€Å"required unanimity for a death penalty. † Despite certain concerns for FDR’s unchecked power, the Supreme Court decided that his actions were â€Å"conferred upon him by Congress. † This may have been due to the fact that FDR’s power as Commander in Chief during a time of war afforded him a certain amount of immunity from Congressional interference. Mostly, the Supreme Court made the distinction between charges against the Articles of War and the â€Å"laws of war. † Another important distinction it made, a distinction which applies to terrorists in Bush’s M. O. , was that between â€Å"lawful combatants (uniformed soldiers) and unlawful combatants (enemies who enter the country in civilian dress). † This was an important issue surrounding the tribunal. Upon arriving on the Long Island beach, the men were in the middle of changing from military uniforms to civilian clothes. Their wearing civilian clothes put them in the category of â€Å"unlawful combatants. According to the United States Supreme Court, being identified as â€Å"unlawful combatants† made the use of a military tribunal and their subsequent death penalties all the more justified. The effect of the decision in Ex Parte Quirin had a lasting impact on the use of military tribunals. The Supreme Court received a great deal of credit for deliberating over the legality of the tribunal. An editorial in the Washington Post stated that, â€Å"Americans can have the satisfaction of knowing that even in a time of great national peril we did not stoop to the practices of our enemies. An article from the New York Times claimed that â€Å"we had to try them because a fair trial for any person accused of crime, however apparent his guilt, is one of the things we defend in this war. † Clearly it was believed that the saboteurs were guilty. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court’s decision to debate the legality of the Quirin sentence was looked upon favorably by the American public. Despite public approval for the decision in Ex Parte Quirin, there were those who argued differently.

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Vimto Business Report Vimto Business Report Table of Content EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1. CURRENT MARKET POSITION†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1.1 Brand 1.2 Target Market Analysis 2. MARKET OVERVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 2.1 PEST 2.2 Current business trends 3. TOWS ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-8 3.1 Key Issues 3.2 Key Opportunities 4. STRATEGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8-9 4.1 Brand Development Strategy 4.2 Pricing Strategy 4.3 Advertising Strategy 4.4 Distribution Strategy 5. SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 6. REFERENCES10 Executive Summary This report is written to present an analysis of the marketing environment of Vimto with the aim of providing strategic input on how to improve their chances of success. Vimto is in the soft drinks business and is owned by Nichols plc. Vimto grew 4.3% and since it’s the core brand of the group, significant attention has to be allocated to assure its continued success. Reading this report will highlight what strategies, obstacles, trends, threats and marketing/ communication tools are needed to make sure this product become successful. The report contains a market analysis, different recommendations and an outline on the future potentials for the products. CURRENT MARKET POSITION 1.1 Brand Nichols is the UK based company that is engaged in producing soft drinks and other beverages. The company distributes its products to the retail, wholesale, vending, catering, licensed, and leisure industries. The company has operations in the UK, Middle East, China and Africa. The companys brand portfolio includes Vimto, which is sold in over 65. The company offers still and carbonates drinks. The company offers soft drinks on dispense market. (MarketLine, 2013) 1.2. Target Market Analysis Supermarkets / hypermarkets form the leading distribution channel in the United Kingdom carbonated soft drinks market, accounting for a 35.2% share of the total markets volume. On-trade accounts for a further 25.9% of the market. Figure 1: United Kingdom carbonated soft drinks market distribution: % share, by volume, 2012 (source: MarketLine) MARKET OVERVIEW PESTLE Political Political factors impact on the way business operates. The statutory minimum wage affects all businesses, as do consumer and health and safety laws. The political decision as to whether or not the UK signs up to have the Single European Currency is having an impact on UK businesses, which includes Vimto. Economical All businesses are affected by economical factors nationally and globally. Interest rate policies and fiscal policies will have to be set accordingly. Within the UK the climate of the economy dictates how consumer may behave within society. Whether an economy is in a boom, recession or recovery will also affect consumer confidence and behaviour. This has an impact on most businesses including Vimto. An economy which is in a recession is characterized by high unemployment, and low confidence. Because of high unemployment spending is low; confidence about job security is also low. Consumers will be more inclined to reduce their spending because of their low revenues. This leads businesses to try to reduce their operation cost to save money. The market is seeing a growth so we can assume that the impact on Vimto will be currently minimal. (Marketline, 2013) Social The social factors affecting Vimto include the demographic changes, cultural aspect and consumers habits. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Vimto being sweet and fruity will appeal to the younger demographic. It has also introduced energy drink in its portfolio that will entice sporty and diet aware people. (Just-drinks, 2013) Technological Technological factors are vital for competitive advantage, and are a major driver of change and efficiency. With the advent of social media allowing for a wide range of consumer to be targeted, it simply cannot be neglected anymore and those who invest in that area will have a significant advantage. (Brand Republic, 2009) Laws regulation Environmental Like any other drinks brand, Vimto experiences many environmental threats to both production and brand awareness. They have to ensure that their packaging and brand is not affecting the environment or they could receive a backlash from consumers and activisits. (Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith, 2011) Current business trends The performance of the market is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 4.4% for the five-year period 2012 2017, which is expected to drive the market to a value of $16,063.6m by the end of 2017. Comparatively, the French and German markets will grow with CAGRs of 1% and 1.6% respectively, over the same period, to reach respective values of $4,827.6m and $11,274.2m in 2017. (MarketLine, 2013) TOWS ANALYSIS Figure 2. – TOWS analysis table. 4.1 Key issues From the TOWS, the important issues to consider are: high costs resulting from using UK labour and not outsourcing. Lack of Internet of coverage and presence as social medias (i.e. Facebook) aren’t well or not exploited at all. 4.2 Key opportunities From the TOWS, the key opportunities include: The energy sector remains the fastest growing category in soft drinks at 7% per annum (Nichols, 2014) so mergers with well-known brand (recently with Weightwatchers) are a good option. Wide advertisement of its green position. Use of cyber marketing by using social medias to target a broader range of consumers. STRATEGY 4.1 Brand Development strategy The brand image is already in place. Vimto must simply supply evidence to the consumers that their brand image is accurate and worthwhile. Vimto provide proof of their quality products and services by advertising that they’re locally produced following a strict CSR code. 4.2 Pricing strategy As the company generated good numbers despite the anticipated reduction, an alteration of the price isn’t critical. 4.3 Advertising strategy It should be focused more on the range of exposure through multiple media sources (i.e social medias). 4.4 Distribution strategy Progress continues to be made in Nichols Dispense business, with consolidation of the independent distributor base. This also involved the full integration of Festival Soft Drinks Limited, based on the south coast of England, into Nichols Dispense during 2013. 4.5 Marketing strategy The marketing strategy of Vimto will be to: Increase awareness of the brand finding innovative way to use the multimedia tools (i.e. Facebook etc.). Build strategic partnerships to make sure that you will be able to take advantage of their brand recognition and infrastructures. Differentiate themselves from competitors through introduction of new products consumer targeting specific type (i.e. sport drinks with flashy PET bottle to attract sportmen). Continued advertisement of ‘green’ resolutions adoption and CSR policies. SUMMARY The target Market could be sometimes hard to reach due to the fact that most of them are not well exposed to the brand compared to the competition such as Coca-Cola. This marketing and promotion could be overcome by selecting a wider range of marketing and communication tools. New products introduced offer a number a choices to consumers and widen its base. Additionally, corporate responsibility position makes it look respectable and apealling. The strong market position Vimto has in the global market gives its products a high change of success. Vimto has a well established market position in the soft drinks industry, which gives it a large scale of new opportunities by the bias of mergers. If the implement of those new ways to attract consumers (i.e social media) is done, it will gives them a competitive advantage. REFERENCES Brand Republic (2009) Vimto digital strategy pulls teens into branded game. Available from: http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/922925/Vimto-digital-strategy-pulls-teens-branded-game/?HAYILC=RELATED [Accessed 04/04/2014] Bureau van Dijk (2014) Nichols company report. FAME [online]. Available from: http://fame2.bvdep.com [Accessed 28 February 2014] Bureau van Dijk (2014) Nichols company report. OSIRIS [online]. Available from: http://osiris.bvdinfo.com/ [Accessed 28 February 2014] Facebook (2014) Facebook. Available from: http://www.facebook.com [Accessed 04/04/2014] Just-drinks. (2013) Product Launch UK: Nichols Vimto Extreme Energy and Extreme Sport. just-drinks [online]. Available from: http://www.just-drinks.com/news/nichols-vimto-extreme-energy-and-extreme-sport_id110674.aspx [Accessed 04/04/2014] Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith (2011) Vimto updates bottle and packaging design. Marketing Magazine [online]. Available from: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk, [accessed on 04/04/2014] MarketLine (2013) MarketLine Industry Profile : Carbonated Soft Drinks industry in the United Kingdom. MarketLine Advantage [online]. Available from : http://http://advantage.marketline.com.ezproxy.uwe.ac.uk/ [Accessed 28 February 2014] MarketLine (2013) Company Profile : Nichols plc. MarketLine Advantage [online]. Available from : http://http://advantage.marketline.com.ezproxy.uwe.ac.uk [Accessed 28 February 2014] Nichols plc (2014) Nichols plc. Available from: http://www.nicholsplc.co.uk/ [Accessed 04/04/2014] Nichols plc (2014) Annual report financial statement 2013 [online]. . Available from: http://www.nicholsplc.co.uk/ [Accessed 04/04/2014] Vimto (2014) Vimto. Available from: http://www.vimto.co.uk/ [Accessed 04/04/2014] Weight Watchers (2014) Weight Watchers. Available from: http://www.weightwatchers.co.uk/ [Accessed 04/04/2014] Template style inspired by Chernova, E. et al (2013) Samsung Smart Fridge Business to Business Marketing Plan. Available from: http://www.coursepaper.com/samsung-smart-fridge-business-business-marketing-plan [Accessed 04/04/2014] 1